Kinnikinnik

Kinnikinnik
Kinnikinnik Lake near Flagstaff AZ, 14 Nov 1998
24mm Olympus lens at f/4, 2 hours on Fuji 800 Superia

There is a progression of techniques in taking pictures of the night sky. The simplest is to place your camera on a tripod and open the shutter for a while. The stars form streaks on the film as the Earth rotates under them, creating a startrail image. As I considered what I would need to take more advanced astrophotos, I found that there is plenty to learn and much opportunity for pleasing compositions even with this simple method.

I pondered how to capture that feeling I once shared with a friend seeing the stars from zenith to horizon, then continuing beneath us as we looked out over their reflections in an alpine lake. This became the inspiration for my quest of the ultimate startrail picture: a full semicircle of startrails reflected in the calm waters of a lake. I have not achieved this goal, but the pictures in this series are some of the rewards along the way.

Kinnikinnik is the closest I came to making my target image! The conditions were perfect: a clear dark sky, no aurora, a calm lake with no creatures disturbing it, but my timing is off. This is my first and only time at this site and I arrived late after a day of traveling. I was unprepared to last the night, and after a few one and two hour trial exposures, I succumbed to the cold and returned to my distant hotel room to recharge. I never made it back.

Although not successful that year, I am looking forward to more adventures in future years. In a way, I hope I never quite find full success in this project!

Northern Six-Hour Exposure

Northern Six-Hour Exposure
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, MN, 23 Oct 1998
24mm Olympus lens at f/8, 6 hour exposure on Fuji 800 Superia
Photo by John Walsh

To find truly dark skies, go north. My friend John Walsh, an avid backpacker, headed to the northernmost part of our state for a fall weekend adventure. I convinced him to take my camera and film, explained how to attach chemical handwarmers to the lens to keep it from fogging over, and asked him to open the shutter for six hours when he got there. Among his other nice photos of aurora and bright stars, is this beautiful picture across a gently flowing stream, reflecting the night sky and the northern lights.

Beaver Trails

Beaver Trails
Swamp Lake, north of Mille Lacs MN, 21 Oct 1998
20mm Nikon lens at f/8, 6 hour exposure on Fuji Super-G

This night had brought together nearly all the elements for my target picture:  a lake far away from city lights and radio towers, one with no cabins or roads on the north while I had access from the south, a long night to contain a long exposure without the lake being already frozen, a stagnant high pressure center stalling the winds and keeping the lake surface at a mirror finish.  And my schedule had allowed me to take a night away to make the shot!  All these prerequisites had been met.

I set up my equipment and busied myself with other activities while the camera recorded the motion of the sky.  A loud KERSPLASH startled me.  Who would be throwing boulders into the lake in the middle of the night?  I peered out onto the lake to see dark shadows swimming back and forth directly in front of my camera.  Each traversal left a wake breaking up the reflected starlight.  Occasionally a shadow would suddenly turn over end and dive, slapping its tail onto the water surface to make the boulder-throwing sound.

I cursed the beavers.  They filled the night with constant gnawing sounds as they busied themselves around me.  About halfway through the night I was startled again, this time by the sound of a tree crashing to the forest floor next to me.  One more hazard to add to my list.

The picture I obtained was almost perfect, accented by the glow of the northern lights, and the intermittent breaks in the reflected trails as the beavers swam across the view, oblivious to my intent.

Four-Hour Lodgepoles

Four-Hour Lodgepoles
Lake Louise Campground, Banff Park, Alberta Canada, 12:00am 19 Aug 1998
20mm Nikon lens at f/8, 4 hour exposure on E200 Ektachrome processed +2 stops (ISO 800)

Think about lying on your back as a child watching clouds drifting past. This is the nighttime equivalent. The stars etch a trail on the film as they follow their course through the night.  The different temperatures of stars show as different colors, the cooler stars glow a warm orange, the hottest stars are a bright blue.

Banff Poles

Banff Poles 
Tunnel Mountain Campground, Banff Park, Alberta Canada, 17 Aug 1998 10:40pm
20mm f/4 Nikon lens, 1 hour exposure on E200 Ektachrome processed +2 stops (ISO 800)

While camping trips make great venues for photographing the sky, sometimes it is difficult to get a full view of it. But here is an opening in the canopy, the lodgepole pines framing the pole star. The camera was aimed at Polaris, and the shutter opened for an hour. The flickering campfires and lamps illuminated the boughs of the trees. 

A startrail picture like this is a powerful illustration of the Earth’s motion. The pole star shows almost no motion. The others show longer arcs the further away, but all of them make an equal arc: a one-hour exposure cuts 1/24th of a full circle.

Monuments at Night, Nov 3

An accumulation of light.
Nov 3, 2005, Monument Valley AZ
Pentax 6×7, E200 push 1-stop, 90 minutes at f/4

I am staying at the Hampton Inn in Kayenta Arizona.  It is not your usual traveler’s stopping place that I have become accustomed to in my business travels.  It is an attractive contemporary adobe building, tastefully appointed with beautiful Navajo art and artifacts.  Gentle native music is piped to the public areas.  An interesting Navaho outdoor exhibit is also well presented.  The native American flavor is augmented by modern conveniences—full breakfast, wireless internet, pool, patio, and an attractive and comfortable lobby.

Since the cloudy skies had kept me in, I suffered another full night of sleep.  Now, unexpectedly alert at an early hour, I noticed all of these niceties at breakfast while I started planning my day.

I also noticed an older couple, or rather, they noticed me.  And for some reason, maybe because I was alone at a table making entries in my notebook, they decided that I needed company.

They were gregarious and garrulous, she a travel writer of twenty years for the Chicago Tribune, still writing columns for various papers, and he an attorney, no longer practicing, both of them skilled with words and language, both widely travelled.  They were adorned with native attire: turquoise necklaces, silver wristbands, belt adornments.  She wore a flowered dress, hat, and moccasins.

They told me of coming here every year for fifty to replenish their souls, wandering down backroads to old trading posts and remote locations.

In recent years however, they had been warned to avoid certain roads.  Drug dealers are unforgiving and have killed police and bystanders alike for reasons that make sense only to them.  He (Jim, the lawyer), had once carried firearms for protection, but now doesn’t—not because they’re illegal, but because they’re impotent against the firepower of drug dealers.

This gave me pause as I considered my typical nighttime activities.  I should probably avoid remote roads to avoid inadvertently crossing paths with some late night transaction.  But that would be restrictive, the best dark sky sites are found on such roads.

I listened to more.  They had stories to tell, fascinating facts, history and lore, and each triggered a further story from the other, taking turns to tell them to me.  I was quite impressed, and decided to try and follow some of their directions to the local destinations they described.

Among them was the Shonto trading post.  The road to it was covered with rippled sand, an advance of the desert onto our human trails.  The last section of road down to the valley was a rough rock ledge, blasted from the cliff with spent guard posts—cabled together but eroded and yanked out of their moorings.

The sand-covered road to Shonto.
The last part of the steep descent to Shonto Trading Post.

The trading post itself was mostly empty shelves, but provided bread and milk to local customers.  When there is nothing else, this is the center of mercantile life and the focus for goods that cannot otherwise be hunted or farmed.

And it was apparent that I stood out from the local customers.  One of them, standing outside the trading post sized me up and had to find out “Where are you from, Alaska?”  I knew that I would never pass for a local, my complexion and attire was not frequently seen here, but I must really stand out, even from the other tourists! 

I returned from my excursion and on the way back encountered the structure that supplied coal cars from the nearby Peobody mine via tall storage elevators.  It had been lit up like a giant diamond ramp the night I drove in.  The elevators were fed by a conveyor belt from the mine and in turn fed rail cars on a train powered by overhead 500 kilovolt electricity!  [Update 2019: the facility is closing due to the diminishing use of coal in the U.S.]

I have plans for tonight.  I will test my “twilight exposure model” by taking pictures with my digital camera and comparing with the sun elevation data that I downloaded from the US Naval Observatory.  In preparation, I cleaned the image sensor.  I did not have the proper tools to do this.  When the nearest camera store is hundreds of miles away, one must improvise, so with the turkey baster I had acquired at the local market, I made quick blasts of air to blow off the dust particles.    It seemed to work!

As the sun set, I positioned myself to take pictures of the rapidly darkening sky toward the east.  I managed to take a few exposures according to my prescribed time schedule and exposure guide, but got distracted by the very young moon to the west.  I abandoned the experiment in favor of the beautiful scene behind me.

The nearly invisible sliver of a one-day moon.

With the sun having set, but the sky in that limbo between civil twilight and astronomical twilight, (dusk and dark), I went to the nearby Goulding’s resort and enjoyed dinner, hoping that the clouds and wind would go away while I refueled.

The clouds dissipated, but the wind continued.  When I returned from my dinner break to the campsite (that I had booked for another day), I decided that I should try and find a windbreak so that my telescope would be protected from the image-blurring gusts.  It was a short hike to the visitor center, where I found a position on the veranda behind one of the walls where a relative calm protected my tripod.

During the next six hours I was able to take a number of astrophotos through the telescope.  The residual wind was still a hassle, finally dying down after 1:00 am.   I had two targets, the Orion Nebula and the Cone Nebula.  Unfortunately, my tracking skills, even in the reduced wind gust, were not up to the task, and I would later find that the exposures were not stable enough to work with. Nevertheless, it is always good when one can practice the art.

Meanwhile, during the time I busied myself with the details of making these exposures, I had set up my film cameras to record even longer durations.  They yielded lengthy star trails over the monuments, which are really only a blip of time compared to their geologic history.

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